Phonics refers to the relationship between letters and sounds in language. Phonics skills involve the ability to decode words by recognizing the sounds associated with specific letters and letter combinations. Phonics skills are critical for reading and writing and are typically taught in early elementary school.

Apraxia is a motor speech disorder that affects the ability to coordinate the movements necessary for speech. People with apraxia may have difficulty producing speech sounds, using proper intonation, or coordinating the movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw. Apraxia can be caused by a range of factors, including neurological damage, developmental delays, or genetic conditions.

Oral motor skills refer to the ability to use the muscles of the mouth, tongue, and jaw for eating, speaking, and other activities. Oral motor difficulties can result from a range of factors, including neurological disorders, developmental delays, or structural abnormalities. Oral motor therapy can help improve oral motor function and address issues such as feeding difficulties or speech problems.

Feeding aversions refer to a reluctance or refusal to eat certain foods or textures. Feeding aversions can be caused by a range of factors, including sensory issues, developmental delays, or medical conditions. Addressing feeding aversions often involves working with a team of specialists, including a speech therapist, occupational therapist, and nutritionist.

Pragmatics refer to the use of language in social contexts. Pragmatic skills involve the ability to understand social cues, follow social norms, and communicate effectively with others. Difficulties with pragmatics can be a sign of social communication disorders or autism spectrum disorder.

AAC refers to methods of communication that supplement or replace speech. AAC can include tools such as communication boards, sign language, or electronic devices that allow individuals to communicate using symbols or text. AAC can be helpful for individuals with speech or language disorders, or for those who have difficulty communicating verbally.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological disorder that affects social communication and behavior. Individuals with ASD may struggle with social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Social communication disorders are similar to ASD but do not involve repetitive behaviors. Treatment for ASD and social communication disorders typically involves a team approach, with speech therapy playing a critical role in addressing communication difficulties.